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托福閱讀里一般被認(rèn)為比較有難度的題目是推理題。推理題有屬于自己的解題思路。下面結(jié)合具體例子分析。
一、推理題的標(biāo)志
推理題的題干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞,分為有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題兩大類。
二、推理題的做法
對(duì)于無共性的推理題,也就是題干中無線索的,一般使用排除法,即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位,通過排除法得出正確答案。
對(duì)于有共性的推理題,也就是題干中有線索的,可以先圈定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位,然后進(jìn)行推理。推理題主要有下列思路:
1.一般對(duì)比推理
ETS設(shè)計(jì)推理題的手段不多,根據(jù)兩個(gè)事物的對(duì)比特征出題是其中。問其中一個(gè)事物的特征時(shí),只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另一個(gè)事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如:
It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
?It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
?There were great numbers of them.
?They lived in the sea only.
?They did not leave many fossil remains.
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞sea otters定位第四句:However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…,由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds兩種動(dòng)物與whales形成對(duì)比,而且很難想象原始的whales的樣子;根據(jù)“一般對(duì)比推理”思路, 可以推出“原始的sea otters的樣子不難想象”。個(gè)選項(xiàng)表達(dá)了此意,為正確答案。
2.時(shí)間對(duì)比推理
這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中,一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段,它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí),只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一:
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A)families were larger.
(B)population statistics were unreliable.
(C)the population grew steadily.
(D)economic conditions were bad.
工業(yè)革命之后與工業(yè)革命之前兩個(gè)時(shí)間形成對(duì)比。既然工業(yè)革命之后西方的家庭變小了,那么工業(yè)革命之前的家庭一定比較大。因此(A)為正確答案。
例二:
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “silent.”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
1927年前后形成對(duì)比。既然1927年以前的電影只有音樂而沒有配音,那么1927年之后的電影一定有。所以(C)為正確答案。
北京環(huán)球天下教育科技有限公司簡(jiǎn)介
編輯: 環(huán)球教育來自: 環(huán)球教育
北京環(huán)球天下教育科技有限公司(Global Education),是中國(guó)留學(xué)語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)行業(yè),20年來,秉持教育成就未來的理念,專注于為中國(guó)學(xué)子提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的留學(xué)語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)及配套服務(wù)。目前,環(huán)球教育已構(gòu)建了包含語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)、留學(xué)咨詢、課程、游學(xué)考察、模擬課堂等在內(nèi)的服務(wù)教育生態(tài)圈。
環(huán)球教育自1997年成立以來,一直勇于,樂于革新。2011年,環(huán)球教育與培生集團(tuán)(Pearson)攜手,推動(dòng)了環(huán)球教育在教學(xué)研究、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和化管理方面的長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)步。2017年,環(huán)球教育成為樸新教育科技集團(tuán)的一員,為環(huán)球教育更快、更的成長(zhǎng)奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
環(huán)球教育以的教學(xué)成效和良好的服務(wù)口碑在業(yè)界享有盛名,我們堅(jiān)持以學(xué)生為中心,一手抓教學(xué)服務(wù),一手抓師資力量。教學(xué)中應(yīng)用科學(xué)的入學(xué)評(píng)測(cè)體系,實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)員的個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí);采用獨(dú)特的"環(huán)球?qū)嵱媒虒W(xué)模式",關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)程,因材施教;"核心課+吸收課"的教學(xué)理念,幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)效能,達(dá)到出國(guó)留學(xué)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。同時(shí),環(huán)球教育引進(jìn)和培養(yǎng)了一批尖教學(xué)人才,通過科學(xué)的教師培訓(xùn)和管理體系,打造出一支實(shí)力雄厚、結(jié)構(gòu)合理的師資團(tuán)隊(duì), 為優(yōu)質(zhì)教學(xué)提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的。
我們以化教育集團(tuán)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新,行業(yè)發(fā)展,大力推動(dòng)中國(guó)留學(xué)事業(yè)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展。 20年來,環(huán)球教育不斷壯大,旗下?lián)碛?00余家教學(xué)中心,遍布中國(guó)200多個(gè)城市,累計(jì)為六十余萬(wàn)名學(xué)員提供專業(yè)、多元的教育服務(wù),為中國(guó)培養(yǎng)具有視野的化人才做出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。
樸新教育科技集團(tuán)
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